#Tissue engineering scaffold skin

Moreover, the permeability of scaffold is another factor, where scaffolds should allow the transfer of nutrients from culture media and support the removal of toxic metabolites/by-products from the tissues without hindering the culturing conditions. Considering the biological aspect, scaffolds are structures which support the development of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell establishment. From the mechanical aspect, scaffolds assist to withstand external pressures and give structural support to the tissue to be regenerated. Scaffolds are essential components for the regeneration of tissues in 3D cell culture. 6– 8 This review gives a bird’s eye view on recent advances in graphene-based 3D scaffolds in tissue engineering applications as illustrated in Figure 1.įigure 1 Schematic diagram of graphene 3D scaffolds in tissue engineering. The future of tissue engineering depends on three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds created by novel promising biomaterials. Numerous tissue engineering-based therapies such as wound healing and orthopedic applications have obtained approval from Food and Drug Administration for clinical experiments and are commercially available. However, in the current scenario, clinical tissue engineering involves the successful implantation and evaluation of the prepared tissue/organ via clinical studies. During the early stages, tissue engineering was used in the preparation of tissue construct outside the body and was then incorporated into the living being. The undifferentiated pluripotent cells were utilized for the growth, proliferation, and differentiation to specific tissue/organ leading to successful trials in preclinical and clinical investigations. Introduction of stem cells to tissue engineering for tissue/organ repair revealed a novel perception of regenerative therapy.

The critical factors to be considered in the regeneration of cells involve the nature and origin of cells, scaffold materials used, scaffold design, cellular and outer environment for tissue formation, etc. This encouraged the development of a revolutionary technique called tissue engineering, as an ultimate solution toward the tissue and organ damage. The huge growing demand for organ and tissue transplants stimulated continuous investigations on the rejuvenating properties of cells. This practice comprises the utilization of various aspects of cell biology, materials chemistry, biomaterials engineering, immunology, preclinical, clinical investigations, etc. The potential advancements experienced in the medical field through the introduction of tissue engineering involve the repair/recreation of structure and function of live tissue or organs. Keywords: graphene, 3D, tissue engineering, scaffold, microenvironment, stem cells, liver, regenerative therapy This review critically looks into the unlimited potential of graphene-based nanomaterials in future tissue engineering and regenerative therapy. Furthermore, the scope of graphene nanomaterials in liver tissue engineering as a promising biomaterial is also discussed. Along with the apt microenvironment, this material was found to be efficient in differentiating stem cells into specific cell types. The porous morphology, great surface area, selective permeability of gases, excellent mechanical strength, good thermal and electrical conductivity, good optical properties, and biodegradability enable graphene materials to be the best component for scaffold engineering. Investigations on 2D and 3D tissue culture scaffolds incorporated with graphene or its derivatives have revealed the capability of this carbon material in mimicking in vivo environment.

#Tissue engineering scaffold skin

Being a biocompatible nanomaterial with outstanding physical, chemical, optical, and biological properties, graphene-based materials were successfully employed in creating the perfect scaffold for a range of organs, starting from the skin through to the brain. Renu Geetha Bai, 1 Kasturi Muthoosamy, 1 Sivakumar Manickam, 1 Ali Hilal-Alnaqbi 2ġNanotechnology and Advanced Materials (NATAM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, 43500, Malaysia 2Electromechanical Technology, Abu Dhabi Polytechnic, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesĪbstract: Tissue engineering embraces the potential of recreating and replacing defective body parts by advancements in the medical field.